Quick answer
Chameleons are a family of tree-dwelling lizards, most famous for changing color and for eyes that swivel independently to give nearly 360-degree vision. Found mainly in Africa and Madagascar, they catch insects with a sticky, projectile tongue that can extend longer than their own body. There are over 200 species, and color change is used as much for communication and temperature as for camouflage.
Key takeaway
Chameleons are a family of tree-dwelling lizards, most famous for changing color and for eyes that swivel independently to give nearly 360-degree vision. Found mainly in Africa and Madagascar, they catch insects with a sticky, projectile tongue that can extend longer than their own body. There are over 200 species, and color change is used as much for communication and temperature as for camouflage.
Chameleon overview
Chameleon (Chamaeleonidae) is a reptile listed here as Least Concern. Typical weight about 0.15 kg; lifespan around 3–10 years depending on species.
Chameleon ecology
Diet: Insectivore (mostly). Habitat: Forest, savanna, and scrub. Movement and social systems reflect those pressures across the native range.
Chameleons and people
Learn before you travel or keep related pets. Wild chameleons are not toys; captive care needs species-specific husbandry.
Status and further reading
Conservation label in our guides: Least Concern. See the full Chameleon profile for taxonomy, FAQs, and related topic guides on this site.
How they change color
Chameleons change color not mainly by pigment but by adjusting microscopic crystals in their skin that reflect different wavelengths of light. They shift color to communicate mood, attract mates, intimidate rivals, and regulate temperature, darkening to absorb heat. Camouflage is only part of the story.
Independent eyes
A chameleon's turret-like eyes move independently of each other, letting it scan in two directions at once for nearly 360-degree vision. When it spots prey, both eyes lock forward together to judge distance with precision before the tongue strikes.
Sources
Chameleon FAQs
What are key facts about chameleons?
Chameleons are a family of tree-dwelling lizards, most famous for changing color and for eyes that swivel independently to give nearly 360-degree vision. Found mainly in Africa and Madagascar, they catch insects with a sticky, projectile tongue that can extend longer than their own body. There are over 200 species, and color change is used as much for communication and temperature as for camouflage.
What is the scientific name of the chameleon?
Chamaeleonidae — used in research and conservation listings for chameleons.
What do chameleons eat?
Chameleons eat mostly, with seasonal and regional variation in Forest, savanna, and scrub.
Where do chameleons live?
They are associated with Forest, savanna, and scrub. Local presence depends on food, cover, and human land use.
What is the conservation status of chameleons?
Listed in our guides as Least Concern. Check the IUCN Red List and national assessments for the latest formal category.